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Introduction to Several Common Applications of Titanium Alloy Materials such as Titanium Rods and Titanium Anodes

Titanium and titanium anodes have excellent welding, cold and hot pressure processing, and mechanical processing properties, and can be processed into various profiles, plates, and pipes for supply.

Titanium is an ideal structural material, with a low density of only 4.5g/m3, which is 43% lighter than steel. However, its strength is twice that of iron and almost five times higher than pure aluminum. Has low density and high strength performance. The combination of high strength and low density makes titanium extremely important in technology. At the same time, titanium's corrosion resistance is almost or exceeds that of stainless steel, so it has been widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, pesticides, dyes, papermaking, light industry, aviation, space development, marine engineering, and other fields.

Titanium alloys have a high specific strength (ratio of strength to density) and have played an irreplaceable role in aviation, military, shipbuilding, chemical, metallurgical, mechanical, medical and other fields. For example, alloys composed of titanium and elements such as aluminum, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and manganese, after heat treatment, have a strength limit of 1176.8-1471MPa and a specific strength of 27-33. Alloy steels with the same strength have a specific strength of only 15.5-19. Titanium alloy not only has high strength but also is corrosion-resistant, making it widely used in shipbuilding, chemical machinery, and medical devices. Among them, corrosion-resistant titanium alloys are mainly used in reactors, towers, high-pressure vessels, heat exchangers, pumps, valves, centrifuges, pipelines, fittings, electrolytic tanks, etc. in various strongly corrosive environments. However, due to the high price of titanium and its alloys, their applications are limited.

Common applications of titanium and titanium alloys:

(1) Iodine based titanium, grade TAD

It is high-purity titanium obtained by the iodine method, hence it is called iodine method titanium, or chemically pure titanium. However, it still contains interstitial impurities such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon, which have a significant impact on the mechanical properties of pure titanium. As the purity of titanium increases, its strength and hardness significantly decrease; Therefore, its characteristic is that it has good chemical stability but low strength.

Due to the low strength of high-purity titanium, its application as a structural material is not significant, and therefore it is rarely used in industry. Currently, industrial pure titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in industry.

(2) Industrial pure titanium

Unlike chemically pure titanium, industrial pure titanium contains a higher amount of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and various other impurity elements (such as iron, silicon, etc.), making it essentially a low alloy content titanium alloy. Compared with chemically pure titanium, its strength is greatly improved due to the presence of more impurity elements. Its mechanical and chemical properties are similar to those of stainless steel (but its strength is still lower compared to titanium alloys).

The characteristics of industrial pure titanium are: low strength, good plasticity, easy processing, stamping, welding, and good machinability; It has good corrosion resistance and better oxidation resistance than most austenitic stainless steels in atmospheric, seawater, wet chlorine gas, oxidizing, neutral, and weakly reducing media; But the heat resistance is poor, and the operating temperature should not be too high.

Industrial pure titanium is divided into three grades based on its impurity content: TA1, TA2, and TA3. The interstitial impurity elements of these three industrial pure titanium gradually increase, so their mechanical strength and hardness also gradually increase, but their plasticity and toughness decrease accordingly.

The commonly used industrial pure titanium in industry is TA2, due to its moderate corrosion resistance and comprehensive mechanical properties. TA3 can be selected when high requirements are placed on wear resistance and strength. TA1 can be selected for better formability requirements.

Industrial pure titanium is mainly used for stamping parts and corrosion-resistant structural parts with good plasticity, such as aircraft frames, skins, and engine accessories, when working at temperatures below 350 ℃ and under low stress; Pipelines, valves, pumps, hydrofoils, and components of seawater desalination systems that are resistant to seawater corrosion for ships; Heat exchangers, pump bodies, distillation towers, coolers, mixers, tees, impellers, fasteners, ion pumps, compressor valves, as well as diesel engine pistons, connecting rods, leaf springs, etc. in chemical industry.

(3) α Type titanium alloy, grades TA4, TA5, TA6, TA7.

This type of alloy exhibits α The single-phase state cannot be strengthened by heat treatment (annealing is the only form of heat treatment), and mainly relies on solid solution strengthening. Room temperature strength is generally lower than β Type and α+β Type titanium alloys (but higher than industrial pure titanium) have the highest strength and creep strength among the three types of titanium alloys at high temperatures (500-600 ℃); And the organization is stable, with good oxidation resistance and welding performance, as well as good corrosion resistance and machinability. However, the plasticity is low (thermoplastic is still good), and the room temperature stamping performance is poor. The most widely used among them is TA7, which has medium to high strength and sufficient plasticity in the annealed state, good weldability, and can be used below 500 ℃; When the content of interstitial impurity elements (oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.) is extremely low, it also has good toughness and comprehensive mechanical properties at ultra-low temperatures, making it one of the excellent ultra-low temperature alloys.

The tensile strength of TA4 is slightly higher than that of industrial pure titanium, and it can be used as a structural material in the medium strength range. Mainly used as welding wire domestically.

TA5 and TA6 are used for parts and welded parts working in corrosive media below 400 ℃, such as aircraft skins, skeleton parts, compressor casings, blades, ship parts, etc.

TA7 is used for structural components and various molded parts that work for a long time below 500 ℃, and can reach up to 900 ℃ for short-term use. It can also be used for ultra-low temperature (-253 ℃) components (such as containers used for ultra-low temperature).

(4) β Type titanium alloy, grade TB2.

The main alloying elements of this type of alloy are molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, etc β Phase stabilizing elements are prone to high temperatures during normalizing and quenching β Keep the phase at room temperature to obtain relatively stable β Organized, hence the name β Type titanium alloy.

β Type titanium alloy can be heat treated and strengthened, with high strength, good welding performance and pressure processing performance; But the performance is not stable enough and the smelting process is complex, so the application is not as good as α Type and α+β Titanium alloys are widely used.

Parts that can be used for work below 350 ℃, mainly used for manufacturing various integral heat treated (solution, aging) sheet metal stamping and welding parts; Such as compressor blades, discs, shafts and other heavy-duty rotating parts, as well as aircraft components. TB2 alloy is generally delivered in a solution treated state and used after solution and aging.

(5) α+β Commonly used grades TC6, TC9, and TC10 for titanium rods and titanium alloys

This type of alloy exhibits α+β Type two phase organization, hence the name α+β Type titanium alloy. It has good comprehensive mechanical properties, most of which can be strengthened by heat treatment (but TC1, TC2, and TC7 cannot be strengthened by heat treatment). It has good forging, stamping, and welding performance, can be machined, has high room temperature strength, and has high heat resistance below 150-500 ℃. Some (such as TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4) also have good low-temperature toughness and resistance to seawater stress corrosion and hot salt stress corrosion; The disadvantage is that the organization is not stable enough.

TC4 is the most widely used alloy of this type, accounting for about half of the current production of titanium alloys. This alloy not only has good mechanical properties at room temperature, high temperature, and low temperature, but also has excellent corrosion resistance in various media. It can be welded, cold and hot formed, and strengthened through heat treatment; Therefore, it has been widely used in industrial sectors such as aerospace, shipbuilding, and chemical industry.

TC1 and TC2 can be used for stamping parts, welding parts, die forgings, and various parts for bending processing working below 400 ℃. These two alloys can also be used as low-temperature structural materials.

TC3 and TC4 can be used as parts for long-term operation below 400 ℃, structural modules, various containers, pumps, low-temperature components, ship pressure resistant shells, tank tracks, etc. The intensity is higher than TC1 and TC2.

TC6 can be used below 400 ℃ and is mainly used as a structural material for aircraft engines. TC9 can be used to manufacture parts that work for a long time below 560 ℃, mainly used on compressor discs and blades of aircraft jet engines.

TC10 can be used to manufacture parts that work for a long time below 450 ℃, such as aircraft structural parts, landing gears, honeycomb connecting components, missile engine casings, weapon structural components, etc.

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